References
Curated NICU topics. Educational summaries — verify against current guidelines.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Persistent fetal shunt between aorta and pulmonary artery. Hemodynamic significance depends on size, direction, and systemic perfusion.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Failure of pulmonary vascular resistance to drop after birth, causing right-to-left shunting and hypoxemia out of proportion to lung disease.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy & Cooling
Neonatal encephalopathy from peripartum hypoxic-ischemic insult. Therapeutic hypothermia within 6 hours improves outcomes.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Inflammatory bowel disease of premature infants. Bell staging guides management.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Chronic lung disease defined by O2 requirement at 36 weeks PMA. Multifactorial: prematurity, oxygen toxicity, volutrauma, inflammation.
Neonatal Sepsis Workup
Early (<72h) vs late-onset. Low threshold for empiric antibiotics in unstable neonate.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Most common reason for readmission. Use hour-specific nomogram (Bhutani / 2022 AAP).